Ukwibeshya kwa Psamtik wa I
Ibi tubikesha umuhanga muby’imyifatire ya muntu, akaba n’umwanditsi mu bya siyansi, Umunyamerika witwa HUNT Magill MORTON, nawe akaba abikesha Herodote, uzwi nka se w’amateka. Umugabo udasanzwe,Psamtikwa I, wayoboye Misiri mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya karindwi mbere y’ivuka rya Yesu, yakoze ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwanditswe mu mateka y’iyigamyifatire ari ryo rizwi nka psychologiya.
Burya ngo Abanyamisiri ba cyera bizeraga ko ari bo bwoko bwabayeho mbere y’ubundi bwose ku isi. Ubwo rero n’amatsiko menshi, ariko kandi anavanze n’ubwenge Psamtik, yaje kwiyumvamo igitekerezo cyo kwemeza isi yose ko iyo myizerere yaziraga amakemwa. Kimwe na psychologue mwiza, yagerageje kubihamya yifashishije ubushakashatsi. Nuko atangira yiha igisubizo cy’ibanze cy’agateganyo, bita inkéneragíhamyá cyangwa Hypothese, igira iti:“Abana baramutse batagize amahirwe yo kwigira ururimi kubantu bakuze babakikije, ururimi bazavuga bwambere, rwazaba ari rwo ururimi karemano rwabantu babayeho mbere y’abandi bose”, Kuri we ubwo urwo rulimi rwagombagakuba urw’abanya Misiri.
Kugira ngo agerageze iyo nkeneragihamya ye, Psamtik yafashe impinja ebyiri zavutse kuri umwe mubaja b’iwe maze aziha umwungeri kugira ngo ajye kuzirerera mu karere ka kure kandi kitaruye ingo z’abantu. Ubwo abo bana bagombaga gushyirwa mu kazu ka bonyine, bakagaburirwa ndetse bakanitabwaho neza ku buryo bushoboka, ariko ntibazigere bumva umuntu uvuga n’ijambo rimwe. Intego nyamukuru y’ibyo byose ikaba “yari ukumenya ijambo abobana bari kubanza vuga neza, nyuma yuko icyiciro cy’imvugo zitumvikana z’uruhinja (ibi bita Roucoulement cg babbling mu ndimi z’amahanga) kirangiye”.
Bisa n’aho intego ya Psamtik yagezweho, kuko ubwo abo abana bari bageze ku myaka ibiri, umunsi umwe umushumba acyuye amatungo, na nyuma y’uko akingura urugi rwakazu babagamo, birutse bamusanganira, bateze amaboko maze baramubwira bati: “Becos!” Kubera ko iryo jambo ryari rishya kuri we, ntiyabyitayeho, yaketse ko ari za mvugo z’impinja, yikomereza icyamugenzaga. Gusa ariko bakomeje kubimubwira inshuro nyinshi, maze ahitamo kujya kwa boss we, Psamtik, amubwira ko ba bana bavuze, nawe ati banzanire najye mbyiyumvire. Na we yumvise babivuga, maze akora iperereza ryamuhishuriye ko burya ‘buri mukuru wese ashobora kuba afite mukuru we’, ko yaje kumenya ko ‘becos’ ari ijambo ryo mu kirimi cy’abanya Firigiya risobanura imigati. Ibyo rero byatumye yanzura ko, bibabaje ko, Abanyafrigiya bari bwo bwoko bukuze cyane kurusha Abanyamisiri.
Gusa, ukurikije siyansi igezweho usanga ubu bushakashatsi bwaramuphunyikiye amazi cg ikibiribiri rwose kuko ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko iyo abana bakuriye mu bwigunge, ntibagire n’umuntu n’umwe bumva avuga batigera bamenya ururimi na rumwe rw’abantu. Ikindi kandi iby’ururimi kavukire ruhuriweho na bose nta bushakashatsi burabyerekana na n’ubu. Ibi bishatse kuvuga rero ko, mbere na mbere, Psamtik yagerageje guhamya inkéneragíhamyá ifutamye, byongeye kandi, ashobora nokuba yaribeshye ku ijambo nyirizina ryavuzwe n’abo bana. Gusa icyo ashimirwa ni ukuba yaragerageje kwerekana inkéneragíhamyá cyangwa (hypothesis) muri icyo gihe kandi akaba yaragize igitekerezo cy’umwimerere. Ubundi ubusanzwe, ibyinshi mu ko ibitekerezo bya gihanga bivuka nk’uko icye cyaje, ikindi kandi, hari byinshi mu bitekerezo byavutse nk’icye na n’ubu bigikorerwaho ubushakashatsi.
Umuhungu w’ishyamba w’i Aveyron
Ubwo hari Mu 1799 , umuganga witwaPhillipe Pinelyahawe ikiraka cyo gusuzuma umuhungu w’ishyamba, ukekwaho kuba yari afite imyaka hafi cumi n’ibiri, akaba yari yatahuwe n’abahigi batatu mu ishyamba rya Mutagatifu- Sernin hafi ya Aveyron mu majyepfo y’Ubufaransa. Nkuko abo abahigi bamubonye mbere babyemezaga, uwo mwana yaba yari amaze imyaka itari mike mu ishyamba. Yari yambaye ubusa, yuzuye inkovu ku mubiri, yanduye cyane, kandi anavuga ibintu bidasobanutse. Ikindi kandi yaba yaratungwaga n’imbuto zimishishi (acron) ndetse n’imizi y’ibinyabijumba byo mu gasozi. Uwo mwana kandi yagenzaga amaguru n’amaboko (akambakamba) nuko akenshi akanatontoma nk’inyamaswa.
Amakuru yo gutahurwa k’uwo mwana wishyamba yaciye igikuba muri Paris nzima. Umuryango wiswe uw’indorerezi za Muntu wari umaze igihe gito ushinzwe, ukimara kurita mu gutwi wahisa upanga uko yazanwa mu murwa mukuru kugira ngo bamwigeho. Ubwo rero ajyanwa i Paris, mu w’1800, ariko akerekanirwaga mu kato, yicaye mugasanduku nka tumwe batwaramo inyamaswa, gusa we ubona arintacyo yitayeho. Gusa ariko nyine ku mbaga y’abantu yabamurebanaga amatsiko menshi, wasangaga batewe agahinda cyane no kubona uburyo yari abayeho.
Nyuma yo gusuzuma uwo mwana, Pinel yanzuye avuga ko yari arenze kuba umunyagasozi usanzwe, ahubwo ko yagaragaraga nk’ikigoryi kidashobora kuzakira ngo ajye ku murongo nk’abandi. Niko gufata mwanzuro wo kumuha umwe mu bafasha be, ari we, Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard, akaba yari umuganga ndetse n’umwigisha w’abafite ubumuga bwo kutumva no kutavuga. Itard rero yiyemeje kwita kuri uwo mwana no kugerageza kumwigisha. Ubwo Icyambere yakoze cyari ukumuha izina, rya Victor, hanyuma ashakisha uburyo bwose yabasha kumuhindura, bitewe n’uko kubwe yacyekaga ko imyifatire y’uwo mwana yaba yaraterwaga n’uko yakuriye ahantu ha wenyine mu bwigunge, aho guterwa no kwangirika k’ubwonko cyangwa ibindi bibazo by’ubuzima bw’umubiri. Niko rero kwiha intego eshanu zikurikira:
Intego ya 1– Kugerageza kumwereka ko ubuzima bwo kubana n’abandi bantu ari bwiza kandi bushimishije kuruta ubwo yari arimo icyo gihe, ariko ku bw’umwihariko, no kurenza ubuzima yari avuyemo gasozi.
Intego ya 2– Gukangura ibyiyumvo bye by’umutima akoresheje ibikabuzi, (cyangwa stimuli) bitandukanye kandi bikaze, ndetse rimwe na rimwe akanifashisha uburyo bwo kumwereka amarangamutima akarishye.
Intego ya 3– Kwagura ibitekerezo bye amutera kwifuza ibintu bishya ndetse no kumutera kwifuza kubana n’abadi mu buryo bwa magirirane (Social contract).
Intego ya 4– Kumutera gushaka no gukenera kuvuga amuhatira kwigana abandi akoresheje uburyo bwo kumwima andi mahitamo.
Intego ya 5– Kumukoresha ibikorwa byoroheje bisaba ubwenge hifashishijwe ibyangombwa nkenerwa by’umubiri mugihe kirekire, nyuma akamuhatira gushyira mubikorwa ibyo atekereza hifashishijwe ibikoresho mfashanyigisho. (Itard, 1894)
Ukwivumbura kwa Itard
Ubwo rero, Itard yatangiye akazi ke, akora ibihoboka byose ngo asubize Victori mu buzima busanzwe. Nuko nyuma y’akazi katoroshye, abifashijwemo n’umukozi we wari uzwi nka Madame Guérin, Itard yabashije, kwigisha Victor ubumenyi butandukanye burimo, gutega amatwi, kwigirira isuku no kwiyambika, kurisha intoki, gukina imikino yoroshye, gukurikiza amategeko amwe n’amwe, yemwe, gusoma no kwandika amagambo yoroheje. Gusa nyine, n’ubwo bashyizeho umwete mwinshi ushoboka, Victori ntabwo yigeze amenya kuvuga neza, uretse amagambo nka lait (amata) cyangwa Oh, mon Dieu (Mana yanjye). Muri rusange, wabonaga rimwe na rimwe yerekana ibimenyetso by’urukundo, ariko akenshi nanone, akagaragara nk’uhangayitse. Mbese imyitwarire ye yarahindagurikaga cyane, bikaba n’aho anarangwaho urugomo. Gusa nyine, yageze aho yiga gutandukanya ibintu n’ibindi, ariko na none iyo byamucangaga yarivumburaga, agatangira kumenagura ibikoresho byo munzu, akarumana cyangwa agahekenya imyenda, amashuka, ndetse n’imifariso.
Nyamara mu buryo bubabaje, ubwo yari amaze imyaka itanu agerageza gufasha Victori, Itari yaje kwikura, ubwo yari amaze kubona ko atazigera agera ku ntego yari yarihaye. Gusa yamusigiye Madame Guerin wakomeje kumwitaho kugeza igihe apfiriye ku myaka 40, hari muwi 1828.
Ukwivumbura kwa Itard
Gusa nyine isomo ryari ryatambutse ko kwiga no guhindura imyifatire ya muntu bishoboka byibura ku rugero runaka. Gusa hazagomba urwego rwihariye rw’ ubumenyi n’imyigire kugirango ibi bizabashe kugerweho neza ari nta makaraza. Ibyo akaba ari byo turabararikiye mu kiganiro gitaha. Nti muzacikwe rero, kandi turabashishikariza gukora subscribe no gukanda ku nzogera, kugirango ntihazagire ikiganiro cyacu na kimwe kigucika.
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